#include<bits/stdc++.h>
#define N 1000010

using namespace std;

typedef long long ll;

int read()
{
    int x = 0,f = 1;
    char c = getchar();
    while(c<'0' || c>'9')
	{
        if(c=='-') f = -1;
        c = getchar();
    }
    while(c>='0' && c<='9')
	{
        x = (x<<3)+(x<<1)+(c^48);
        c = getchar();
    }
    return x*f;
}

bool a[N];

int main()
{
	int t=read();
	while(t--)
	{
		int d=read(),k=read();
		memset(a,false,sizeof(a));
		int p,n=(1<<d)-1;
		for (int i=0;i<k;i++)
		{
			p=1;
			while(p<=n)
			{
				a[p] = !a[p];
				p = a[p] ? p*2 : p*2+1;
			}
		}
		cout << p/2 << endl;
	}
	return 0; 
}

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